Multi-mode power amplifier

ABSTRACT

A power amplifier module that includes a power amplifier and a controller is presented herein. The power amplifier module may include a set of transistor stages and a plurality of bias circuits. At least one transistor stage from the set of transistor stages may be in electrical communication with a first bias circuit and a second bias circuit from the plurality of bias circuits. The first bias circuit can be configured to apply a first bias voltage to the at least one transistor stage and the second bias circuit can be configured to apply a second bias voltage to the at least one transistor stage. The controller may be configured to activate one of the first bias circuit and the second bias circuit.

RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.14/975,621, which was filed Dec. 18, 2015 and is titled “MULTI-MODEPOWER AMPLIFIER,” the disclosure of which is expressly incorporated byreference herein in its entirety, and which is a divisional of andclaims priority to U.S. application Ser. No. 14/091,155, which was filedNov. 26, 2013 and is titled “MULTI-MODE POWER AMPLIFIER,” the disclosureof which is expressly incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present disclosure relates generally to power amplifiers. Morespecifically, the present disclosure relates to power amplifiers capableof operating in multiple bias modes.

BACKGROUND

Portable communication devices, such as cellular telephones, typicallyuse one or more power amplifiers to amplify an information signal priorto transmission. Modern communications systems often use both phase andamplitude modulation to boost information transmission rates, generallyat the expense of power consumption. Often, a linear power amplifier isused for systems that use phase and amplitude modulation (such assystems that employ code division multiple access (CDMA) or enhanceddata rates for GSM evolution (EDGE)), while a non-linear power amplifieris used for systems that employ phase only modulation (e.g., a constantenvelope modulation system such as Gaussian mean shift keying (GMSK)modulation).

Typically, a device is designed to use either a linear power amplifieror a non-linear power amplifier based on the type of communicationnetwork for which the device is being designed. The power amplifier isusually implemented as one or more stages of transistors and relatedcircuitry. In most applications, the operating point of the poweramplifier is set by providing a bias current or voltage to at least oneof the terminals of at least one of the stages of the power amplifier.In the case of a bipolar junction transistor (BJT) the bias current isnormally applied to the base terminal of the transistor to control howthe transistor will conduct between its collector and emitter terminals.In a typical implementation, the power amplifier comprises one or twodriver stages followed by an output stage.

SUMMARY

In accordance with some embodiments, the present disclosure relates to apower amplifier module that includes a power amplifier and a controller.The power amplifier module may include a set of transistor stages and aplurality of bias circuits. At least one transistor stage from the setof transistor stages may be in electrical communication with a firstbias circuit and a second bias circuit from the plurality of biascircuits. The first bias circuit can be configured to apply a first biasvoltage to the at least one transistor stage and the second bias circuitcan be configured to apply a second bias voltage to the at least onetransistor stage. The controller may be configured to activate one ofthe first bias circuit and the second bias circuit.

In some cases, the first bias circuit is associated with a firstimpedance and the second bias circuit is associated with a secondimpedance. Further, in some instances, the first bias circuit causes thepower amplifier to operate in a saturated mode when the first biascircuit is activated. The controller may be further configured toactivate the first bias circuit by applying a voltage to the first biascircuit. This voltage supplied to the first bias circuit may be based atleast in part on a voltage received at the controller.

In certain embodiments, the second bias circuit causes the poweramplifier to operate in a linear mode when the second bias circuit isactivated. The controller may be further configured to activate thesecond bias circuit by applying a current to the second bias circuit.This current supplied to the second bias circuit may be based at leastin part on a voltage received at the controller.

With some implementations, the controller may be further configured toselect between the first bias circuit and the second bias circuit toactivate based on a mode selection signal received at the controller.This mode selection signal may be based at least partially on a signalreceived from a wireless network. Further, the controller may beconfigured to deactivate the first bias circuit by floating an input tothe power amplifier associated with the first bias circuit.

In some embodiments, the power amplifier includes a current sense mirrorconfigured to provide a current from at least one stage of the set oftransistor stages to the controller. The controller may be furtherconfigured to select a voltage to apply to the first bias circuit basedat least in part on the current received from the current sense mirror.In some instances, each transistor stage from the set of transistorstages corresponds to a pair of bias circuits from the plurality of biascircuits. The pair of bias circuits may include a bias circuitconfigured to cause the power amplifier to operate in a saturated modewhen active and a bias circuit configured to operate in a linear modewhen active. Moreover, the plurality of bias circuits may include athird bias circuit and a fourth bias circuit. The third bias circuit maybe configured to apply a different bias voltage than the first biascircuit and the fourth bias circuit may be configured to apply adifferent bias voltage than the second bias circuit. The third biascircuit and the fourth bias circuit may be in electrical communicationwith a different transistor stage from the set of transistor stages thanthe first bias circuit and the second bias circuit.

In certain embodiments of the present disclosure, a method is presentedfor controlling a power amplifier. The method may include receiving afirst voltage at a controller of a power amplifier and receiving a modeselection signal at the controller. Further, the method may includedetermining based at least in part on the mode selection signal whetherthe power amplifier is to operate in a saturation operation state or alinear operation state. In response to determining that the poweramplifier is to operate in the saturation operation state, the methodmay include generating a second voltage and providing the second voltageto a first bias circuit of the power amplifier.

In some embodiments, in response to determining that the power amplifieris to operate in the linear operation state, the method may furtherinclude generating at least one current and providing the at least onecurrent to a second bias circuit of the power amplifier. The at leastone current may be generated based at least in part on the firstvoltage. Moreover, in response to determining that the power amplifieris to operate in the linear operation state, the method may includefloating the first bias circuit. In some cases, the second voltage isgenerated based at least in part on the first voltage.

In certain embodiments of the present disclosure, a wireless device ispresented that includes a transceiver configured to process radiofrequency (RF) signals. Further, the wireless device may include anantenna in communication with the transceiver. This antenna may beconfigured to facilitate communicating with a wireless network.Moreover, the wireless device may include a power amplifier module thatmay include a power amplifier and a controller. The power amplifier mayinclude a set of transistor stages and a plurality of bias circuits. Atleast one transistor stage from the set of transistor stages may be inelectrical communication with a first bias circuit and a second biascircuit from the plurality of bias circuits. The first bias circuit maybe configured to apply a first bias voltage to the at least onetransistor stage and the second bias circuit may be configured to applya second bias voltage to the at least one transistor stage. Further, thecontroller may be configured to activate one of the first bias circuitand the second bias circuit.

In some cases, the controller may select one of the first bias circuitand the second bias circuit to activate based at least in part on asignal received from the transceiver. Alternatively, or in addition, thecontroller may select one of the first bias circuit and the second biascircuit to activate based at least in part on a type of the wirelessnetwork.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Throughout the drawings, reference numbers are re-used to indicatecorrespondence between referenced elements. The drawings are provided toillustrate embodiments of the inventive subject matter described hereinand not to limit the scope thereof.

FIG. 1 illustrates a block diagram of an embodiment of a multi-modepower amplifier that supports multiple bias modes.

FIG. 2 illustrates an embodiment of a multi-mode power amplifier thatsupports multiple bias modes.

FIG. 3 illustrates an embodiment of another multi-mode power amplifierthat supports multiple bias modes.

FIG. 4 illustrates an embodiment of a current sense mirror in electricalcommunication with an output array of a multi-mode power amplifier.

FIG. 5 illustrates an embodiment of a wireless device that may include amulti-mode power amplifier.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION Introduction

Power amplifiers are used for a number of applications. One suchapplication is for wireless communications. Power amplifiers used withwireless devices are generally configured differently based on the typeof wireless network on which the wireless device is intended to operate.For example, a wireless device may be configured to operate on a2G-based network or a Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM)based network. Alternatively, or in addition, a wireless device may beconfigured to operate on 2.5G network, such as an Enhanced Data ratesfor GSM Evolution (EDGE) based network, a 3G, a 4G, a 4G-LTE, or othertype of communication network.

Often, although not necessarily, a wireless device designed to operateon a 2G-based network uses a saturated power amplifier (PA). A saturatedPA may be used because the envelope of a signal transmitted/received ona 2G-based network is generally not modulated. However, a wirelessdevice designed to operate on newer networks, such as 2.5G (an EDGEnetwork), 3G, etc., will often include a linear PA. A linear PA may beused because with many communication networks subsequent to 2G networksthe envelope for transmitted/received signals includes information.

Despite the configuration of many newer communication networks requiringor making the use of a linear PA preferable, this may not be the casefor some communication networks. Further, many communication companiesutilize multiple communication networks. For example, a communicationsprovider may utilize a 3G or 4G network for data packets, but may use a2G network for voice packets. Moreover, some parts of the world have notupgraded from 2G communication networks to newer networks. As a result,many wireless devices are designed to function with multiplecommunication networks including networks that do not modulate a signalenvelope and networks that do modulate the signal envelope to, forexample, include information in the envelope. In some networks,information may be included by modulating the envelope or by modulatingthe phase of the signal. For example, in many 2G networks, informationis included in a signal by phase modulation rather than amplitudemodulation. As a result, a saturated power amplifier, or a poweramplifier operating in a saturated region, may be used with devicesconfigured to operate on 2G networks. In contrast, in many 2.5G or 3Gnetworks, information is included in a signal via amplitude modulation.As a result, a linear power amplifier, or a power amplifier operating ina linear mode is often used for devices configured for use with 2.G or3G networks.

One solution that enables wireless devices to function with differentnetworks is to use, among other devices, PAs that support both asaturated mode and a linear mode. However, the challenge of designingsuch a PA is that the design requirements for a saturated mode and alinear mode PA are different.

Saturated PA can be categorized into two groups, voltage saturation PAsand current saturation PAs. In certain embodiments, current saturationPAs advantageously do not require a Low Dropout regulator and thus itcan be implemented with a lower cost and a higher efficiency. Thus, itis highly desirable to develop a PA that uses current saturation methodin the saturated mode, while the same PA can also support the linearmode operation. Some examples of saturated power amplifiers that may beused with certain embodiments described herein are described in U.S.Pat. No. 6,734,729, which is hereby incorporated by reference in itsentirety herein.

One challenge in designing a PA is the conflicting requirement for theimpedance of the bias circuit in the saturated mode and linear mode. Itis often desirable if not required to use a high impedance bias when thePA is in a saturated mode and a low impedance bias when the PA is in alinear mode. One solution is to include multiple bias circuits that havedifferent levels of impedance. A particular bias circuit correspondingto a specific operating mode may be activated, and the remaining biascircuits may be deactivated. However, the deactivated bias circuits cansometimes introduce parasitic effects that can reduce the effectivenessof the PA and that can make designing the PA more challenging.

Advantageously, embodiments described herein present a multimode PAutilizing a current saturation architecture that facilitates supportingmultiple bias circuits. Further, embodiments herein reduce and/oreliminate the parasitic effect of the inactive bias circuit on the PA.Moreover, a number of embodiments described herein present a multimodePA utilizing a modified current saturation architecture that includes acurrent sense mirror device. Advantageously, in certain embodiments, thesense mirror may more accurately measure the current of an outputtransistor included in the PA thereby enabling improved control of thePA.

Example Multi-Mode Power Amplifier

FIG. 1 illustrates a block diagram of an embodiment of a multi-modepower amplifier 100 that supports multiple bias modes. The poweramplifier 100 may include a number of stages. In the example of FIG. 1,the power amplifier 100 is a three-stage amplifier that includes threetransistor stages, stage 1, stage 2, and stage 3. These stages may alsobe referred to as S1, S2, and S3. Further, in some cases, the finalstage, which is S3 in the example of FIG. 1, may be referred to as theoutput stage or output array. However, the power amplifier 100 is notlimited as such and may include more or less transistor stages. Thetransistors of the stages S1, S2, and S3 in FIG. 1 represent bipolarjunction transistors (BJT). However, this disclosure is not limited assuch and any type of transistor may be used. For example, thetransistors may be Field Effect Transistors (FETs), such as JunctionFETs (JFETs) or Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor FETs (MOSFETs).

One or more of the transistor stages may include a pair of bias circuitsthat electrically communicate with the base of the transistor for thetransistor stage. For instance, as illustrated in FIG. 1, stage 1 is inelectrical communication with bias circuits 102A and 104A, stage 2 is inelectrical communication with bias circuits 102B and 104B, and stage 3is in electrical communication with bias circuits 102C and 104C. In someembodiments where FETs are used in place of the BJT transistors of FIG.1, the pairs of bias circuits may be in electrical communication withthe gates of the transistors. Although FIG. 1 illustrates each pair ofbias circuits being connected to the base of the transistors, in somecases other devices and/or circuitry may be in electrical communicationbetween the bias circuits and the transistors. Thus, while the biascircuits of FIG. 1 are in direct electrical communication with thetransistors, in other cases the bias circuits may not be directlyconnected to the transistors. For example, in some cases, a resistor maybe located between one or more of the bias circuits and the transistors.As a second example, a switch may be located between one or more of thebias circuits and the transistors.

The bias circuits 102A-102C are configured to have high output impedanceto facilitate the PA 100 to properly function in a saturation mode or asaturation state. In contrast, the bias circuits 104A-104C are linearbias circuits configured to have low output impedance to facilitate thePA 100 to properly function in a linear mode or a linear state. The biascircuits 102A-102C generally create a higher impedance level compared tothe impedance of the bias circuits 104A-104C. For example, the impedanceof bias circuit 102C can be 10 times that of bias circuit 104C.Generally, only one of the bias circuits for each transistor is activeat a time, and generally, it is the same bias circuit type for eachtransistor that is active. For example, when the power amplifier 100 isoperating in a saturated mode, the bias circuits 102A-102C may beactive, and the bias circuits 104A-104C may be inactive. This may occurwhen the wireless device that includes the power amplifier 100 is usinga 2G communication network. In contrast, when the power amplifier 100 isoperating in a linear mode, the bias circuits 102A-102C may be inactive,and the bias circuits 104A-104C may be active. This may occur when thewireless device that includes the power amplifier 100 is using, forexample, a 2.5G or 3G communication network.

In some cases, at least some, if not all, of the bias circuits 102A-102Cmay be instances of the same circuit. Further, in some cases, at leastsome, if not all, of the bias circuits 102A-102C may differ from eachother. Similarly, at least some, if not all, of the bias circuits104A-104C may be instances of the same circuit or may differ from eachother. Some non-limiting examples of designs for the bias circuits aredescribed in more detail below with respect to FIG. 2 and FIG. 3.Further, an example of a wireless device that may use the PA 100 isdescribed with respect to FIG. 5.

As illustrated, the bias circuits 102A-102, 104A-104C may be included aspart of the PA 100. However, in some embodiments, the bias circuits maybe external to the PA. In some such cases, the bias circuits maycommunicate with the PA via one or more inputs (e.g., pins, solderballs, etc.).

The PA 100 may receive a signal to be amplified at the RFin to the PA100. This signal may be received from a number of sources including anantenna, a baseband subsystem, a transceiver, etc. Once the signal isamplified, it may be output via the RFout.

Example Bias Circuits

FIG. 2 illustrates an embodiment of a multi-mode power amplifier 100that supports multiple bias modes. As previously described, the poweramplifier 100 may include a set of bias circuits designed to cause thePA 100 to function in a saturated mode. These bias circuits,collectively bias circuits 202, include the bias circuits 102A-102. Thebias circuits 102A-102C each include a resistor R1-R3, respectively.Typically, the values of R1, R2, and R3 differ. Often, the resistors R1,R2, and R3 are inversely scaled according to the size of thecorresponding amplifier stage in communication with the resistor. Forexample, in cases where the transistor S3 is the largest of the threetransistors S1, S2, and S3, the resistor R3 may be the smallest of theresistors R1, R2, and R3.

A voltage may be supplied to the bias circuits 202 via voltage input210. Whether the voltage is supplied may be determined based on the modein which the PA 100 is operating. This determination may be made by acontroller (not shown), which is described in further detail withrespect to FIG. 3. Further, in some cases, the controller may determinethe voltage value to supply. When the PA 100 is functioning in saturatedmode, the voltage may be applied to the voltage input 210. When the PA100 is not functioning in the saturated mode, the voltage input 210 maybe floated by disconnecting it from a voltage source. Alternatively, thevoltage input 210 may be tied to ground. Floating the voltage input 210or setting the voltage input 210 to ground may be accomplished throughthe use of a switch (not shown) and/or via the controller.

In addition to the bias circuits 202, the PA 100 may include the biascircuits 104A-104C, collectively bias circuits 204. The bias circuits204 may be configured to cause the PA 100 to function in a linear mode.Generally, the resistances selected for the resistors R1-R3 are selectedfor the PA 100 to function in a saturated mode. However, the resistancesthat work well for saturated mode often do not work well for when the PA100 is functioning in a linear mode as the impedance is usually toohigh. Thus, the bias circuits 204 will often be associated with a lowerimpedance than the bias circuits 202.

As illustrated in FIG. 2, some of the bias circuits may be configureddifferently from other bias circuits. The bias circuit 104A includes aresistor R4, which generates a lower impedance than the resistor R1.Further, the bias circuits 1048 and 104C include a set of transistorsand a current source Iref1 and Iref2, respectively. The current sourcesIref1 and Iref2 may be activated when the PA 100 is functioning in alinear mode. Further, when the PA 100 is functioning in a saturatedmode, the current sources Iref1 and Iref2 may be deactivated.

One challenge that has prevented the development of a multi-mode PAusing a current saturation architecture is the parasitic effect causedby the deactivated bias circuits on the PA 100. For example, when the PA100 is functioning in a linear mode, the saturated mode bias circuitsmay introduce a parasitic effect that can impact operation of the PA.This parasitic effect may be caused, for example, by a current from thebase of the transistors. Conversely, when the PA 100 is functioning in asaturated mode, the linear mode bias circuits may introduce a parasiticeffect that can impact operation of the PA.

A solution to the parasitic effect is to float the voltage input 210when the PA 100 is not operating in a saturated mode. The voltage input210 can be floated by opening a switch that connects a voltage source tothe voltage input 210. Alternatively, instead of floating the voltageinput 210, the voltage input 210 can be grounded and the current fromthe current sources Iref1 and Iref2 can be increased to compensate forcurrent that may leak from the transistor bases to the resistors R1-R3.

When the PA 100 is operating in a saturated mode, the inclusion of twotransistors as part of the linear mode bias circuits (e.g., biascircuits 104B, 104C) prevents the parasitic effect from impacting theoperation of the PA 100. The base of the transistors S1-S3 generallydoes not have a high enough leakage voltage to cause multipletransistors in the bias circuits 1048 and 104C to activate.

Additional Example Multi-Mode Power Amplifiers

FIG. 3 illustrates an embodiment of another multi-mode power amplifier300 that supports multiple bias modes. The multi-mode power amplifier300 includes a number of the features of the multi-mode power amplifier100 as indicated by the reuse of reference numerals. As with themulti-mode power amplifier 100, the multi-mode power amplifier 300 mayinclude a number of transistor stages. As indicated in FIG. 3, the finaltransistor stage may sometimes be referred to as the output array, whichprovides the output signal to the RFout.

As previously mentioned, the PA 100 may be based on a current saturationarchitecture. The PA 300 may be based on a modified current saturationarchitecture that includes a sense mirror device 302. This modifiedcurrent saturation architecture may be referred to as a sense mirrorbased current saturation architecture. As depicted in FIG. 3, thecurrent sense mirror 302 may be a BJT transistor that is configured toread, or sense, a current from the output array of PA 300. The dashedline between the output array and the current sense mirror 302represents the “sensing” action of the current sense mirror 302 ratherthan a physical connection. Some example embodiments of the currentsense mirror in electrical communication with the output array aredescribed below with further reference to FIG. 4.

In some cases, the current sense mirror 302 is used or operational whenthe PA 300 is operating in saturation mode (e.g., when the wirelessdevice is operating on a GSM network) and is non-operational,disconnected, or is ignored when the PA 300 is operating in linear mode(e.g., when the wireless device is operating on an edge network). Theidea that, in some cases, the current sense mirror 302 is used only whenthe PA 300 operates in a saturated mode is indicated by the dashed linebox that includes the current sense mirror 302 and the bias circuits102A-102C while excluding the bias circuits 104A-104C, which are usedwhen the PA 300 operates in a linear mode. In other embodiments, thecurrent sense mirror 302 may be utilized in either operating mode of thePA 300. Further, although excluded from the dashed line box, in somecases, the current mode controller 312 may be included as part of the PA300. Further, the current mode controller 312 may, in some cases, supplya voltage only when the PA 300 is operating in a saturation mode. Insome such cases, the current mode controller 312 may, at leastconceptually, be included within the dashed line box regardless ofwhether the current mode controller 312 is included with the PA 300 oris part of a separate die.

In some embodiments, the current sense mirror 302 may include a senseresistor (not shown), which can be used to convert the finger current orsensed current from the finger array into a voltage, or sensed voltage.The sense current and/or voltage may be provided to the PA controller310. Thus, one or more of the sense current and the sense voltage may beused by the PA controller 310 to facilitate control of the PA 300 aspart of a feedback loop.

Although the current sense mirror 302 is illustrated as a BJTtransistor, it is not limited as such. The current sense mirror 302 mayinclude one or more devices or components that may be used to providefeedback from the PA to the controller. For example, the current sensemirror 302 may include a MOSFET transistor or a resistor. Typically, thefeedback is a current signal from the output array. However, thefeedback is not limited as such. For example, in some cases, thefeedback may include a combination of the current from the output arrayand a current from an earlier stage (e.g., S2) of the PA 300. In certainembodiments, the current sense mirror 302 may indirectly manage thecurrent of the output array by, for example, affecting the voltageapplied at the voltage input 210 based at least partially on feedbackfrom the output array. Advantageously, in certain embodiments, thecurrent sense mirror 302 enables the PA 300 to be controlled moreprecisely compared to the PA 100, which excludes a current sense mirror.

Additional examples of using feedback to facilitate control of a poweramplifier is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,734,729, filed Mar. 30, 2002,which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety herein.

The PA 300 may communicate with and/or be controlled by the PAcontroller 310. The PA controller 310 may be part of a separate die orpackage. Alternatively, the PA controller 310 may be on the same die asthe PA 300 or included in the same package. In yet other embodiments,the PA controller 310 may, at least in part, be included as part of thePA 300. For example, the saturated mode PA controller 312 may beincluded as part of the PA 300 while the voltage to current converter314 may be separate from the PA 300. In some cases, the saturated modecontroller 312 and the voltage to current converter 314 may each be ormay each be part of separate controllers, which may or may not beincluded as part of the PA 300.

The current mode controller 312 can supply a voltage signal to thevoltage input 210. In some cases, the voltage signal is supplied whenthe PA 300 is operating in a saturation or GSM mode. When the PA 300 isoperating in a linear or EDGE mode, the voltage signal may not besupplied. Instead, the current mode controller 312 may ground thevoltage input 210 or float the voltage input 210 by, for example,opening a switch (not shown).

When a voltage is supplied to the voltage input 210, the voltage valuemay be based, at least in part, on a Vramp signal supplied at the Vrampinput 316, a sense signal provided by the current sense mirror 302, or acombination of the two. For example, the voltage supplied to the voltageinput 210 may initially be related to the Vramp signal. Over time, thevoltage supplied to the voltage input 210 may be modified up or downbased on a signal from the current sense mirror 302, which may be basedon a current of the output array. The Vramp signal may be supplied tothe controller 310 by a number of systems that can be involved in thecontrol and/or setting of the PA 300. For example, the Vramp signal maybe supplied by a transceiver or baseband subsystem. In other cases, theVramp signal may be provided by a power supply or power managementsystem.

The voltage to current converter 314 may be configured to convert thereceived Vramp signal into one or more current signals. These currentsignals may act as the current sources Iref1 and Iref2 of FIG. 2. In theexample of FIG. 3, the current sources Iref1 and Iref2 are included aspart of the voltage to current converter 314 with the current generatedor converted by the sources being supplied to the Iref1 and Iref2 linesillustrated in FIG. 3. In some cases, the value of the Iref1 and Iref2current sources, or the currents supplied to the Iref1 and Iref2 lines,may be based on the Vramp signal supplied to the Vramp input 316. Tosimplify discussion, and not to limit the disclosure, the terms Iref1and Iref2 current sources may refer to current sources included as partof the PA, as illustrated with respect to PA 100 in FIG. 2, and/or mayrefer to current sources included in the controller 310 that can supplycurrent to the Iref1 and Iref2 lines as illustrated with respect to thePA 300 in FIG. 3.

In some cases, the current supplied or generated by the Iref1 and Iref2current sources may be equal. Alternatively, the current supplied orgenerated by the Iref1 and Iref2 current sources may differ. In somecases, the value of the Iref1 and Iref2 current sources may be related.For example, each of the current sources may be a portion or fraction ofa total current generated based on the Vramp signal. Thus, Iref1 may be33% of the current generated based on the Vramp signal, and Iref2 may be67% of the current generated based on the Vramp signal. In other cases,although the current supplied or generated by the Iref1 and Iref2current sources may both relate to the Vramp signal, they may beunrelated to each other.

Whether the PA 300 operates in linear mode or saturated mode may bebased on a signal received at the mode input or mode selector 318 of thecontroller 310. The mode signal may be received from any component of awireless device that may specify an operating mode of the PA 300. Forexample, the mode signal may be received from a baseband subsystem, atransceiver, a power management system, etc. In some cases, the mode maybe selected based on a signal received from an antenna. Further, in somecases, the signal received at the mode input 318 may not specify a modeof operation of the PA 300, but may instead be used by the controller310 to determine the mode for the PA 300. Moreover, the signal receivedat the mode input 318 may be one factor among several used to set theoperating mode of the PA 300.

Based on the mode determined by the controller 310, the controller 310may configure the current mode controller 312 and the voltage to currentconverter 314. For example, if the controller 310 determines, based atleast in part on the signal received at the mode input 318, that the PA300 is to operate in a saturated mode, the controller 310 may cause thecurrent mode controller 312 to provide a voltage to the voltage input210. Continuing the above example, the controller 310 may cause thevoltage to current converter 314 to set the current for the Iref1 andIref2 current sources to zero. The voltage to current converter 314 mayopen a switch or configure a variable current source such that nocurrent is supplied by the Iref1 and Iref2 current sources.

As another example, if the controller 310 determines, based at least inpart on the signal received at the mode input 318, that the PA 300 is tooperate in a linear mode, the controller 310 may cause the current modecontroller 312 to not provide a voltage to the voltage input 210. Forinstance, the current mode controller 312 may float or ground thevoltage input 210. Floating or grounding the voltage input 210 mayinclude opening a switch, or changing a position of the switch.Continuing the above example, the controller 310 may cause the voltageto current converter 314 to set the current for the Iref1 and Iref2current sources. As previously stated, one or more of the currents maybe based on the Vramp signal.

Example Current Sense Mirror Configuration

FIG. 4 illustrates an embodiment of a current sense mirror 302 inelectrical communication with an output array of a multi-mode poweramplifier (e.g., the multi-mode power amplifier 300). Further, thecurrent sense mirror 302 may be in electrical communication with both aDC bias path and a radio frequency (RF) input path.

As illustrated, the current sense mirror 302 may be a fraction of thesize of the output array. In the example of FIG. 4, the current sensemirror 302 is 1/N the size of the output array transistor. However,other embodiments are possible. Typically, although not necessarily, thecurrent sense mirror 302 is several times smaller than the output arraytransistor. For example, in some cases, N may equal 64 and thus thecurrent sense mirror 302 may be 1/64^(th) the size of the output arraytransistor. Further, a bias resistor 402 between the DC bias path andthe current sense mirror 302 and an RF coupling capacitor 404 betweenthe RF input and the output array may also be scaled by the factor of N.

Advantageously, in certain embodiments, the scaling and topology of thecurrent sense mirror in relation to the output array results in acurrent of the current sense mirror 302 equaling 1/N times the currentoutput by the output array. In some embodiments, the current of thecurrent sense mirror 302 may be substantially or approximately 1/N timesthe current output by the output array within a threshold degree oferror. This threshold degree of error may include any degree of errorselected by a user or manufacturer. In some cases, the sensing error maybe maintained at 0.5 db or less, or less than 6%. Thus, in some cases,the current of the current sense mirror 302 may be within 0.5 dB of 1/Ntimes the current output by the output array. Thus, in certainembodiments, by determining the current of the current sense mirror 302,it is possible to sense the current of the output array. The sensedcurrent of the output array may be used by a controller (e.g., thesaturated mode PA controller 312) to set or determine a voltage appliedto the PA (e.g., at the voltage input 210).

Example Wireless Device

FIG. 5 illustrates an embodiment of a wireless device 500 that mayinclude a multi-mode power amplifier 300. Although the wireless device500 is depicted as including the PA 300, it is possible for the wirelessdevice 500 to include the PA 100 instead. Further, although FIG. 5illustrates only one PA, it is possible for the wireless device 500 toinclude a number of PAs, each of which may or may not be of the sameconfiguration as PA 100 or 300.

The PA 300 may be part of a power amplifier module (PAM) 502 that mayinclude a power amplifier controller 310. Alternatively, the PAM 502 mayinclude any other power amplifier controller that may be used to setand/or configure the PA of the PAM 502. In some cases, the poweramplifier controller 310 may be omitted. For example, the poweramplifier 300 may include the power amplifier controller 310 on chip orintegrated with the power amplifier 300. In some embodiments, the PAM502 may include multiple PAs, which may share the PA controller 310 orwhich may each be associated with its own power amplifier controller.The PA 300 can facilitate, for example, multi-band operation of thewireless device 500. The mode of the power amplifier 300 may, in somecases, be set by the power amplifier controller 310 based on a signaland/or mode selection set by the power amplifier module 502 or from atransceiver 510.

The PA 300 can receive RF signals from a transceiver 510 that can beconfigured and operated in known manners to generate RF signals to beamplified and transmitted, and to process received signals. Thetransceiver 510 is shown to interact with a baseband subsystem 508 thatis configured to provide conversion between data and/or voice signalssuitable for a user and RF signals suitable for the transceiver 510. Thetransceiver 510 may also be connected to a power management component506 that is configured to manage power for the operation of the wirelessdevice. Such power management can also control operations of thebaseband sub-system 508 and the PAM 502.

Other connections between the various components of the wireless device500 are possible, and are omitted from FIG. 5 for clarity ofillustration only and not to limit the disclosure. For example, thepower management component 506 may be electrically connected to thebaseband subsystem 508, the PAM 502, the DSP 512, or other components514. As a second example, the baseband subsystem 508 may be connected toa user interface processor 516 that may to facilitate various input andoutput of voice and/or data provided to and received from the user. Thebaseband sub-system 508 can also be connected to a memory 518 that maybe configured to store data and/or instructions to facilitate theoperation of the wireless device 500, and/or to provide storage ofinformation for the user.

In addition to the aforementioned components, the wireless device mayinclude one or more central processors 520. Each central processor 520may include one or more processor cores. Further, the wireless devicemay include one or more antennas 522A, 522B. In some cases, one or moreof the antennas of the wireless device 500 may be configured to transmitand receive at different frequencies or within different frequencyranges. Further, one or more of the antennas may be configured to workwith different wireless networks. Thus, for example, the antenna 522Amay be configured to transmit and receive signals over a 2G network, andthe antenna 522B may be configured to transmit and receive signals overa 3G network. In some cases, the antenna 522A and 522B may both beconfigured to transmit and receive signals over, for example, a 2.5Gnetwork, but at different frequencies.

A number of other wireless device configurations can utilize one or morefeatures described herein. For example, a wireless device does not needto be a multi-band device. In another example, a wireless device caninclude additional antennas such as diversity antenna, and additionalconnectivity features such as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and GPS. Further, thewireless device 500 may include any number of additional components,such as analog to digital converters, digital to analog converters,graphical processing units, solid state drives, etc. Moreover, thewireless device 500 can include any type of device that may communicateover one or more wireless device and that may include a PA 300. Forexample, the wireless device 500 may be a cellular phone, including asmartphone or a dumbphone, a tablet, a laptop, a video game device, asmart appliance, etc.

Although portions of the present disclosure present a dual-mode poweramplifier that includes two bias circuits, the disclosure is not limitedas such. For example, the PAs presented herein may include more than twomodes. For instance, the PAs may include a saturated mode and two linearmodes with each linear mode causing the PA to operate in a differentlinear region. Further, in some embodiments, the PAs may include morethan two bias circuits. In some cases, each mode of the PA may beassociated with its own bias circuit. Alternatively, at least some ofthe modes may share a bias circuit. And, in some such cases, the biascircuit may be configured or operated differently based on the operatingmode. For instance, a different voltage or current may be applied to abias circuit based on the operating mode of the PA.

Terminology

Unless the context clearly requires otherwise, throughout thedescription and the claims, the words “comprise,” “comprising,” and thelike are to be construed in an inclusive sense, as opposed to anexclusive or exhaustive sense; that is to say, in the sense of“including, but not limited to.” The term “coupled” is used to refer tothe connection between two elements, the term refers to two or moreelements that may be either directly connected, or connected by way ofone or more intermediate elements. Additionally, the words “herein,”“above,” “below,” and words of similar import, when used in thisapplication, shall refer to this application as a whole and not to anyparticular portions of this application. Where the context permits,words in the above Detailed Description using the singular or pluralnumber may also include the plural or singular number respectively. Theword “or” in reference to a list of two or more items, that word coversall of the following interpretations of the word: any of the items inthe list, all of the items in the list, and any combination of the itemsin the list.

The above detailed description of embodiments of the inventions are notintended to be exhaustive or to limit the inventions to the precise formdisclosed above. While specific embodiments of, and examples for, theinventions are described above for illustrative purposes, variousequivalent modifications are possible within the scope of theinventions, as those skilled in the relevant art will recognize. Forexample, while processes or blocks are presented in a given order,alternative embodiments may perform routines having steps, or employsystems having blocks, in a different order, and some processes orblocks may be deleted, moved, added, subdivided, combined, and/ormodified. Each of these processes or blocks may be implemented in avariety of different ways. Also, while processes or blocks are at timesshown as being performed in series, these processes or blocks mayinstead be performed in parallel, or may be performed at differenttimes.

The teachings of the inventions provided herein can be applied to othersystems, not necessarily the system described above. The elements andacts of the various embodiments described above can be combined toprovide further embodiments.

Conditional language used herein, such as, among others, “can,” “might,”“may,” “e.g.,” and the like, unless specifically stated otherwise, orotherwise understood within the context as used, is generally intendedto convey that certain embodiments include, while other embodiments donot include, certain features, elements and/or states. Thus, suchconditional language is not generally intended to imply that features,elements and/or states are in any way required for one or moreembodiments or that one or more embodiments necessarily include logicfor deciding, with or without author input or prompting, whether thesefeatures, elements and/or states are included or are to be performed inany particular embodiment.

While certain embodiments of the inventions have been described, theseembodiments have been presented by way of example only, and are notintended to limit the scope of the disclosure. Indeed, the novel methodsand systems described herein may be embodied in a variety of otherforms; furthermore, various omissions, substitutions and changes in theform of the methods and systems described herein may be made withoutdeparting from the spirit of the disclosure. The accompanying claims andtheir equivalents are intended to cover such forms or modifications aswould fall within the scope and spirit of the disclosure.

1. (canceled)
 2. A method for controlling a power amplifier, the methodcomprising: receiving a mode selection signal at a controller of a poweramplifier; determining, based at least in part on the mode selectionsignal, an operating state for the power amplifier, the operating stateselected from a plurality of operating states including a saturationoperation state and a linear operation state; and in response todetermining that the power amplifier is to operate in the saturationoperation state, generating a first voltage and providing the firstvoltage to a first bias circuit of the power amplifier, and deactivatinga second bias circuit of the power amplifier.
 3. The method of claim 2further comprising, in response to determining that the power amplifieris to operate in the linear operation state, generating at least onecurrent and providing the at least one current to the second biascircuit of the power amplifier.
 4. The method of claim 3 wherein the atleast one current is generated based at least in part on a secondvoltage received at the controller.
 5. The method of claim 2 furthercomprising, in response to determining that the power amplifier is tooperate in the linear operation state, floating the first bias circuit.6. The method of claim 2 wherein the power amplifier includes aplurality of transistors.
 7. The method of claim 6 wherein eachtransistor of the plurality of transistors is configured to operate inthe saturation operation state in response to determining that the poweramplifier is to operate in the saturation operation state.
 8. The methodof claim 6 wherein each transistor of the plurality of transistors isconfigured to operate in the linear operation state in response todetermining that the power amplifier is to operate in the linearoperation state.
 9. The method of claim 2 wherein the mode selectionsignal is received from a baseband system.
 10. A system for controllinga power amplifier, the system comprising: a power amplifier controllerin communication with a power amplifier and configured to: receive amode selection signal; determine, based at least in part on the modeselection signal, an operating state for the power amplifier, theoperating state selected from a plurality of operating states includinga saturation operation state or a linear operation state; and inresponse to determining that the power amplifier is to operate in thesaturation operation state, generate a first voltage and provide thefirst voltage to a first bias circuit of the power amplifier, anddeactivate a second bias circuit of the power amplifier.
 11. The systemof claim 10 wherein, in response to determining that the power amplifieris to operate in the linear operation state, the power amplifiercontroller is further configured to generate at least one current andprovide the at least one current to the second bias circuit of the poweramplifier.
 12. The system of claim 11 wherein the at least one currentis generated based at least in part on a second voltage received at thepower amplifier controller.
 13. The system of claim 10 wherein, inresponse to determining that the power amplifier is to operate in thelinear operation state, the power amplifier controller is furtherconfigured to float the first bias circuit.
 14. The system of claim 10wherein the power amplifier includes a plurality of transistors.
 15. Thesystem of claim 14 wherein the power amplifier controller is furtherconfigured to cause each transistor of the plurality of transistors tooperate in the saturation operation state in response to determiningthat the power amplifier is to operate in the saturation operationstate.
 16. The system of claim 14 wherein the power amplifier controlleris further configured to cause each transistor of the plurality oftransistors to operate in the linear operation state in response todetermining that the power amplifier is to operate in the linearoperation state.
 17. The system of claim 10 wherein the mode selectionsignal is received from a baseband system.
 18. A power amplifier modulecomprising: a power amplifier; a first bias circuit configured to biasthe power amplifier in a saturation mode; a second bias circuitconfigured to bias the power amplifier in a linear mode; and a poweramplifier controller configured to: receive a mode selection signal;determine, based at least in part on the mode selection signal, anoperating state for the power amplifier, the operating state selectedfrom a plurality of operating states including a saturation operationstate or a linear operation state; and, in response to determining thatthe power amplifier is to operate in the saturation operation state,provide a first voltage to the first bias circuit and deactivate thesecond bias circuit.
 19. The power amplifier module of claim 18 wherein,in response to determining that the power amplifier is to operate in thelinear operation state, the power amplifier controller is furtherconfigured to provide at least one current to the second bias circuit.20. The power amplifier module of claim 18 wherein, in response todetermining that the power amplifier is to operate in the linearoperation state, the power amplifier controller is further configured tofloat the first bias circuit.
 21. The power amplifier module of claim 18wherein the mode selection signal is received from a baseband system.